This sounds like a fun project. I have attempted a similar thing in the past, and after doing some research, I landed on the Speeduino Project, which is not really applicable to what you are trying to do but is still very interesting!
In my experience, it is usually easier to start with an automotive sensor first and work from the output it is giving you, rather than trying to use a generic/hobby electronics for automotive projects, as the working environment is usually very hot and exposed to the elements.
I would start by figuring out what specific sensors would work with your car. After you have that information, the next step would be figuring out what kind of device can read this data, run a display and output the data to the display.
As a VERY rough guideline, the sensors will likely be about half of the total cost of the project, but this could vary a fair bit if you want to spend a little more for a nicer display.
This forum post may also help to point you in the right direction.